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La democracia en China – América 2.1 El pueblo chino no ha conocido jamás una verdadera democracia. Mucho menos cuánto significan la libertad de trabajo, de asociación, la pluralidad partidista o la existencia de medios de comunicación disidentes del gobierno. De un tiempo a esta parte la apertura económica y la mayor posibilidad de acceder a la riqueza y al conocimiento del mundo ha ido despertando anhelos de independencia mayores con relación al poder central. El gobierno lo sabe y lo administra restrictivamente. Sabe que a más apertura, mayores serán las exigencias políticas de quienes van alcanzando niveles superiores de vida en lo económico y en la nueva sociedad que el progreso va consolidando. Por eso administra de manera conservadora lo vinculado a los valores esenciales de una verdadera democracia. Evitan el desbordamiento y mantienen el control. A cambio ofrecen la apertura económica.
Este comentario tiene una notable excepción. Se trata de Hong Kong, hasta 1977 colonia británica. Sus instituciones y la naturaleza de la vida en la provincia desarrollaron parámetros distintos a los del resto de China. Sus habitantes conocieron de la democracia y la libertad durante décadas, dentro de los parámetros ancestrales de la cultura china. Por esta circunstancia el poder central ha tolerado libertades democráticas relativamente amplias en este territorio, hoy nuevamente bajo su tutela y control. Pero no pareciera ser suficiente. Hong Kong aspira a una plena autonomía, es decir, autogobierno producto de elecciones libres sin interferencias indebidas de Pekín. El poder central se comprometió a ello cuando la Gran Bretaña, en ejecución de acuerdos preestablecidos, traspasó la autoridad suprema a la capital china.
Sin embargo, Pekín no pareciera dispuesto a cumplir ese compromiso. El esquema electoral presentado para las elecciones de 2017 es restrictivo y orientado a favorecer el control abierto o encubierto de quienes ejerzan la presidencia y las demás ramas del poder público. La reacción no se hizo esperar. Occupy Central, movimiento de activistas alimentado básicamente por jóvenes, tomaron las calles y protagonizan la enorme protesta que ocupa la atención del mundo entero. Han fracasado hasta ahora los intentos de diálogo para poner fin al conflicto y la represión, debemos reconocerlo, ha sido moderada. No sabemos cuál será el desenlace de esta interesante coyuntura, trascendente para todos. La “revolución de los paraguas” avanza. La población se suma progresivamente a los manifestantes originales. Las redes sociales han sido fundamentales para coordinar las movilizaciones, las solidaridades y la lucha por los objetivos señalados.
El pueblo de Hong Kong tiene cultura y tradiciones británicas. ¿Podrán el gobierno y la Asamblea Popular china, con sede en Pekín, revertir esta situación violentando tanto los compromisos contraídos con Gran Bretaña como las aspiraciones de los habitantes? Ya veremos.
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