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Sadio Garavini di Turno: Venezuela en la Corte Internacional de Justicia – América 2.1
En el Acuerdo de Ginebra (1966), el tratado que enmarca la reclamación venezolana del territorio Esequibo, se lee que hay “buscar soluciones satisfactorias para el arreglo práctico de la controversia, surgida como consecuencia de la contención venezolana de que el Laudo Arbitral de 1899 sobre la frontera entre Venezuela y Guayana Británica es nulo e irrito” . Guyana afirma que el objeto del Acuerdo es establecer la validez o nulidad del Laudo, mientras Venezuela, por su parte, sostiene que no tiene sentido proponer una solución “práctica y mutuamente satisfactoria ” a una controversia estrictamente jurídica. Por tanto para Guyana desde 1966, al no haber acuerdo entre las partes, la alternativa preferida para dirimir la controversia siempre ha sido siempre la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ). ¿Cómo ha sido posible que dos secretarios generales de la ONU, Ban Ki -moon y Antonio Guterrez, alegando sus atribuciones en el Acuerdo de Ginebra, hayan decidido remitir la controversia a la CIJ? La falta de profesionalismo y la irresponsabilidad de los gobiernos de Chávez y Maduro han llevado al peor de los escenarios posibles para Venezuela.
En marzo del 2004, Chávez declaró que Venezuela no se oponía a que Guyana otorgara unilateralmente concesiones y contratos a compañías transnacionales en el Esequibo, si esto favorecía el desarrollo de la región, con lo cual acabó con casi 40 años de diplomacia venezolana y entregó unilateralmente y, a cambio de nada, una de nuestras pocas armas de negociación. En febrero del 2007, afirmó que la reactivación de la reclamación venezolana sobre el territorio Esequibo en 1962, por parte del Gobierno de Rómulo Betancourt, fue producto de la presión de los Estados Unidos, supuestamente interesados en desestabilizar el gobierno autónomo de izquierda (pero todavía no independiente) del Primer Ministro de la entonces Guayana Británica, Cheddi Jagan. Lo cual es una absoluta falsedad histórica, causada muy probablemente por la hipertrófica “ceguera ideológica” de Chávez.
Cuando el gobierno Ramotar, en el 2014, manifestó que el proceso de los Buenos Oficios, a través de un Representante del Secretario General, no había dado ningún resultado en 25 años de vigencia y proponía al Secretario General optar por la CIJ, el gobierno Maduro insistió negligente y tercamente en continuar los Buenos Oficios, en cambio de proponer otro de los medios de solución, como la Mediación, por ejemplo. Por cierto, el último Buen Oficiante, Dag Nylander, también estuvo de acuerdo en remitir la controversia a la CIJ. Guyana desde inicios del 2015 ha estado preparándose para enfrentar el complejo proceso que implica defender su posición ante la CIJ, para lo cual contrató al experto jurista internacional canadiense-iraní el Dr Payam Akhavan y al muy respetado ex Canciller de Guyana y ex Secretario General del Commonweath, Sir Sridath Ramphall, entre otros. Venezuela ni siquiera nombró un negociador a tiempo completo. El encargado oficial, el embajador Roy Chaderton, tuvo al mismo tiempo, por años, otros cuatro cargos que ejercer. En cuanto a la asesoría sólo más recientemente, por tanto tardíamente, se ha contratado al jurista español Antonio Remiro Brotons, que ha asesorado a Bolivia en su enfrentamiento con Chile en la CIJ. Ahora que estamos desgraciadamente en el escenario preferido por Guyana, nos defendemos afirmando no reconocer la jurisdicción de la CIJ y que la demanda de Guyana es inadmisible porque contraviene el objeto y el propósito del Acuerdo de Ginebra, que busca una solución práctica y satisfactoria para ambas partes. Veremos qué decidirá la Corte. Sin embargo es evidente que los graves errores de comisión y omisión del régimen han deteriorado peligrosamente la posición de Venezuela en la controversia.
@sadiocaracas
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