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En deuda con los pieles rojas – América 2.1
Reivindicar el trabajo de millares de técnicos y obreros anónimos tras las históricas misiones Apolo es el propósito de un reportaje en la revista SCIENCE que, sin desdeñar el papel protagónico de héroes como Neil Armstrong y Buzz Aldrin, pone énfasis en las mujeres de la tribu Navajo que ensamblaron los circuitos integrados que miniaturizaron el tamaño de las computadoras.
El folleto conmemorativo de la planta en Shiprock incluía un circuito integrado Fairchild 9040, Foto del Museo de Historia de la Computación
Los mismos que permitirían a las naves espaciales arrancar con estruendo de Caño Cañaveral para cumplir sus extraordinarias hazañas.
Aquellos microchips de reciente invención provinieron de la empresa Fairchild Semiconductor, de Silicon Valley, que estimulada por los incentivos fiscales y la búsqueda de mano de obra barata abrió en 1965 una planta en la reserva Navajo de Shiprock en Nuevo México.
Esta roca, llamada “Máaz” la palabra navajo para “Marte”. En homenaje al aporte de esta tribu.
Para una labor de filigrana que más de mil mujeres realizarían durante la década siguiente, apoyadas en la similitud de tan delicada tarea con la artesanía ancestral de su pueblo, sin que fuese después reconocida a plenitud su contribución a la carrera espacial.
Mujer Navajo trabajando en computador de la NASA.Foto Museo de Historia de la Computación. www.muyinteresante.com
Raza y género se unieron para regatearles el debido reconocimiento y ha habido que esperar hasta medio siglo más tarde para que un equipo de ingenieros, técnicos y comunicadores organizara un seminario, contrarrestando el desdén que aquella faena presuntamente simple, femenina y artesanal mereció entonces vis-a-vis el trabajo masculino, de alta tecnología y muchísimo mejor remunerado, que acaparó todos los laureles en el informe de la NASA sobre las bondades del programa.
Nada nuevo bajo el sol, lamentablemente, porque igual suerte sufrió la colaboración de los indígenas al esfuerzo bélico estadounidense en ambas guerras mundiales.
Soldados choctaw en Francia durante la Primera Guerra Mundial
De la veintena de soldados chocktaw que asistieron en Francia como codificadores en la ofensiva de Meuse-Argonne en el otoño de 1918, utilizando una lengua que era mientras tanto proscrita en las escuelas de la tribu en Oklahoma, trasmitiendo textos impenetrables para el enemigo prusiano; o los marines Navajos cuyos mensajes pusieron de cabeza a los japoneses en el Pacífico a partir del ataque a Pearl Harbour.
Ceremonia del Día de los Veteranos en la ciudad de Nueva York, 2012 . Foto oficial del Cuerpo de Marines.
En total, más de doce mil indígenas combatieron en ambas guerras, pero hubo que esperar medio siglo antes de que el Gobierno francés otorgase la Orden Nacional al Mérito a los locutores chocktaws y comanches, y hasta 2008 cuando el Congreso en Washington promulgó la Ley de Reconocimiento de Locutores de Claves y los gobiernos tribales recibieron medallas de oro, la distinción civil de mayor rango en los Estados Unidos, y cada veterano una medalla de plata.
Medalla de oro del Congreso
Chester Nez, el último superviviente de aquellos héroes anónimos, falleció en 2014 en una reserva de Nuevo México, a los 93 años de edad.
Varsovia, Mayo 2022
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