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Sadio Garavini di Turno: Estado fallido y depredador – América 2.1
Estado fallido o fracasado es un término relativamente reciente en la ciencia política contemporánea. De acuerdo al centro de estudios Fund for Peace , un Estado fallido se tipifica por la pérdida de control físico del territorio o del monopolio del uso legítimo de la fuerza, erosión de la autoridad legítima en la toma de decisiones, colapso de los servicios básicos e incapacidad para interactuar normalmente con otros estados, como miembro pleno de la comunidad internacional. Un Estado fallido se caracteriza por un fracaso social, político, y económico, su gobierno es tan débil o ineficaz, que tiene poco control sobre vastas regiones de su territorio, no provee ni puede proveer servicios básicos y presenta altos niveles de corrupción y de criminalidad.
En los casos más extremos el desastre socioeconómico y el desmoronamiento de las instituciones del Estado provocan la ruptura de la “ley y el orden” , la descomposición total de los servicios básicos como el agua y la electricidad, brotes de epidemia y la propagación de enfermedades. En estos casos, en mayor o menor medida, sobrevienen la anarquía, el caos y la guerra civil entre clanes, facciones, “señores de la guerra” y hasta la desintegración de la unidad territorial. Ejemplos actuales de estados fracasados extremos son Somalia, Yemen y Congo. En el pasado, los estados demasiados poderosos eran vistos como peligrosos para la estabilidad del sistema internacional, hoy en día son los estados fallidos que constituyen la mayor amenaza a la paz mundial, porque se convierten en centro de operaciones de los grupos terroristas y de la criminalidad organizada.
El Estado depredador en cambio es aquél donde sus gobernantes se dedican a preservar sus intereses particulares mediante el pillaje, el saqueo impositivo, la devastación de las instituciones y la carencia de una sana división de poderes, imponiendo su poder omnímodo con la sumisión de la Justicia. Este tipo de Estado, obviamente, se caracteriza por altísimos niveles de corrupción e impunidad y tienden a facilitar las actividades de la criminalidad organizada, en particular el narcotráfico.
Un Estado depredador crea las condiciones para convertirse en un Estado fallido a mediano plazo o largo plazo. El Congo durante la dictadura corrupta de Mobutu era un Estado depredador que se convirtió en un Estado absolutamente fracasado después de la caída del tirano. En cambio, ningún país con democracia política, Estado de derecho y economía de mercado se ha convertido en un Estado fracasado.
Las naciones que han adoptado esta tríada son los que han logrado para sus pueblos el mayor nivel de calidad de vida, han obtenido el mayor grado de libertad a y de respeto por los derechos humanos y han reducido mayormente la desigualdad. Tienen instituciones fuertes y no hombres fuertes, que abundan en los Estados fracasados y depredadores. Se acatan y se cumplen leyes generales y abstractas y no la voluntad arbitraria de los caudillos. Sin la seguridad jurídica y personal de un Estado de derecho, sin la sólida estabilidad política de una auténtica democracia y sin la productividad y la eficiencia de una economía social de mercado, cualquier Estado corre el riesgo de convertirse en un Estado fracasado. ¿Quo Vadis Venezuela?
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