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¿Crisis bilateral o crisis regional? – América 2.1 La expulsión de colombianos de Venezuela ha sido colectiva, lo que está absolutamente prohibido por el Derecho Internacional
La situación en la frontera colombo-venezolana (Táchira/Norte de Santander), lejos de reducirse a lo económico, como lo ha asegurado perversamente el régimen venezolano, se traduce en una grave crisis humanitaria que afecta los derechos humanos . Centenares de familias colombianas han sido expulsadas arbitrariamente por las autoridades venezolanas, en violación de todas las normas de Derecho Internacional. Ello en relación a los extranjeros, sean ilegales o no, de los refugiados y desplazados, de los trabajadores migratorios y de los migrantes en general.
No solamente se han violado los derechos humanos relativos a la unidad familiar, a la propiedad, a la vida y a la integridad física y moral de las personas, los derechos de los niños y de la mujer, al desplazárseles forzadamente y de manera discriminatoria, en base a la nacionalidad. También el derecho que tiene todo ciudadano extranjero de no ser expulsado arbitrariamente.
Si bien es cierto que no hay un texto convencional que regule esta delicada materia, hoy se reconoce una serie de normas de Derecho Internacional consuetudinario que buscan la protección de las personas objeto de alguna medida de expulsión. El Estado tiene el derecho de expulsar a no nacionales de su territorio, pero no en forma arbitraria como se aceptaba antes. Toda expulsión debe hacerse mediante una orden administrativa y debe darse a la persona objeto de la medida la posibilidad de recurrir a los órganos administrativos o judiciales correspondientes y contestarla en un proceso justo. Además, el Estado territorial debe garantizarle el respeto de todos sus derechos humanos reconocidos por el Derecho Internacional y el Derecho Interno.
La expulsión en este caso ha sido colectiva, lo que es absolutamente prohibido por el Derecho Internacional. No se trata de una cuestión de exclusivo interés nacional o bilateral, de una cuestión que pueda afectar a Colombia o a Venezuela o sus relaciones bilaterales, sino de una materia que va más allá y que se debe colocar en el ámbito del interés regional, razón por la cual los representantes de los países de la región, reunidos en el Consejo Permanente de la OEA el pasado 31 de agosto, lejos de rechazar el examen de la situación, tenían que haber convocado una Reunión Extraordinaria de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores para que se abordara la situación e hiciera las recomendaciones necesarias para superarla.
Aunque el resultado muestre un claro debilitamiento de la influencia de Venezuela en la región, hasta hace poco basado en los altos precios del petróleo, la decisión del Consejo Permanente, con el voto de los países socios del Alba y el apoyo, mediante su abstención, de otros once—entre ellos Brasil, país que pretende no sólo erigirse en gendarme de la región, sino ingresar como miembro permanente al Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas—refleja un peligroso retroceso en el tratamiento de las crisis en la región. Ello resta credibilidad y genera desconfianza en las instituciones interamericanas.
Es hora que los países de América se unan a la corriente de cambios jurídicos que exigen las nuevas realidades, en especial, cuando se trata de la protección de los derechos humanos y de las libertades fundamentales y acepten que la soberanía no es concepto inmutable, un pretexto más para justificar las violaciones del Derecho Internacional.
Víctor Rodríguez Cedeño es ex embajador de Venezuela, ex Presidente del Consejo Ejecutivo del ACNUR.
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