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Ibsen Martínez: Chamanismo redistributivo – América 2.1 Las nacionalizaciones no son buenas, hacen daño, causan pena y se acaba por rodar
Tengo razones para recordar el 1 de mayo de 2006, fecha en que Evo Morales nacionalizó “sorpresivamente” la industria de hidrocarburos boliviana.
Pasé aquel día encerrado en una habitación de un hotel de Cochabamba, rumiando una doble frustración. Un sindicalista “trotsko-cocalero” con quien había concertado una entrevista periodística me había dejado plantado. La segunda frustración de aquel día vino al encender la televisión y percatarme de que Evo Morales presidía en aquellos momentos la ceremonia de ocupación de un campo gasifico en Tarija. Yo habría debido estar allí y no en Cochabamba. Aunque, la verdad, no me perdí demasiado.
Lo más colorido del ceremonial fue el despliegue militar en las instalaciones de una concesionaria extranjera, como si del asalto a una fortificación enemiga se tratase. Lo mismo ocurrió en las estaciones gasolineras de Petrobras: piquetes de soldados en traje de campaña y armados hasta los dientes custodiaban los surtidores.
La oratoria reivindicativa de la soberanía de las treinta y pico naciones bolivianas sobre la riqueza del subsuelo me hizo recordar el discurso de Carlos Andrés Pérez, treinta años atrás, cuando se nacionalizó por primera vez la industria petrolera venezolana: las mismas invocaciones a Bolívar, las mismas consignas sobre el “patrimonio de todos”, las admoniciones sobre la necesidad de “administrar la abundancia con criterio de escasez” . La nacionalización boliviana se anunció como lo han hecho todas las nacionalizaciones de la región: como el advenimiento de una nueva era, aunque en realidad no fuese más que un avatar del mito del eterno retorno. Con la de 2006, Bolivia nacionalizaba por tercera vez en menos de setenta años su riqueza fósil.
Meses más tarde, en los primeros días de enero de 2007, en el discurso inaugural de su segundo sexenio, Hugo Chávez anunciaba la “verdadera primera nacionalización” que señalaba el comienzo del redentor largo camino al socialismo del siglo XXI.
En el mismo acto se proclamó el designio de lograr mayoría accionaria de Petróleos de Venezuela, la compañía estatal venezolana, en los grandes proyectos de la faja bituminosa del Orinoco, hasta entonces dominados por las estadounidenses Exxon-Mobil, Conoco-Phillips y Chevron, junto a la francesa Total, la inglesa BP y la noruega Statoil.
Al igual que Morales, Chávez ordenó la ocupación militar de las instalaciones arrebatadas a la codicia extranjera. La ceremonia incluyó el vuelo rasante, por sobre un complejo refinador petrolero, de un dúo de cazas interceptores Sukhoi, de fabricación rusa.
¡Cuánta mistificadora faramalla militarista ha mostrado en nuestro continente este tipo de medida económica, a pesar de su largo historial de fracasos tan idealizados como ruidosos!
La nacionalización latinoamericana evoca la ceremonia con que los chamanes amazónicos propician a su etnia buena caza y se aseguran de que no se la coma el tigre.
La primera vino con el general Lázaro Cárdenas, en México, y es de aquella, sin duda, que la idea cobró su modélico ceremonial de militarismo antimperialista.
Siete décadas más tarde, Chávez protagonizó la tercera, o cuarta, quinta o quizá sexta oleada de nacionalizaciones, luego de los fiascos mexicanos, argentinos, peruanos y bolivianos.
Rasgo prominente de las nacionalizaciones es el cariz exculpatorio de toda insuficiencia en la gestión estatal. Chávez expropió fundos agropecuarios, ingenios azucareros, silos, cafetales, hoteles, empresas de mantenimiento petrolero, centros comerciales en construcción y hasta ventorrillos de arepas, para compensar la colosal ineptitud de quien acusó, antes de expropiarlas, a cementeras extranjeras del fracaso de su plan de viviendas.
Como acto de chamanismo económico, las nacionalizaciones no son buenas, hacen daño, causan pena y se acaba por rodar. Con estancamiento, corrupción, inflación y escasez igual viene el tigre y te come.
@ibsenmartinez
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