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Pandebono – América 2.1
No existe un diccionario internacional del español, pese a que el idioma lo pide a gritos.
Una notable particularidad de nuestra lengua, entre las habladas por muchos millones de personas, es que no tiene un país predominante, como lo hay en inglés (Estados Unidos) y mandarín (China) . México alberga la mayor comunidad hispanohablante, con algo más del 20%, seguido en su orden por Colombia, Argentina y España (este cuarto puesto depende de que una proporción importante de catalanes, gallegos y vascos no consideran al español su lengua materna). El francés tiene una dispersión considerable, aunque nunca tan marcada como la del español.
En vez de un diccionario internacional, tenemos el DRAE, o sea el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, para cuyos redactores existen palabras de primera, segunda y tercera categoría. Aparte del sedimento colonial implícito en la supuesta primacía del idioma peninsular sobre las vertientes americanas, el DRAE es sobre todo un diccionario malo e incompleto . Su mejor edición fue la primera, que terminó de imprimirse en 1739. Se llamaba entonces el Diccionario de autoridades, pues se basaba en citas (autoridades), recurso que fue abandonado en la segunda edición de 1780. A partir de ese momento el DRAE se volvió un diccionario normativo antes que descriptivo.
Pongamos un ejemplo perteneciente a la tercera categoría: el colombianísimo pandebono . La palabra aparece ya en María (1867) de Jorge Isaacs, (“durante la comida tuve ocasión de admirar entre otras cosas, la habilidad de Salomé y mi comadre para asar pintones y quesillos, freír buñuelos, hacer pandebono y dar temple a la jalea” ), pero el DRAE no se ha dignado incluirla y mucho menos establecer su origen. Aunque carezco de credenciales como etimólogo y no he realizado las comprobaciones necesarias, encuentro la siguiente cita en una carta del general Santander, escrita en 1825: “…estoy seguro de no morir ahorcado por ellos, y que no estén pensando que la lima es pan de horno como dicen en la tierra”. ¿Es pandebono una deformación de pan de horno? Les dejo el trompo a los lexicógrafos para que lo bailen, con la aclaración de que son miles las palabras en español, sobre todo americanas, de origen desconocido. ¿De dónde vienen los colombianismos atarván (es más antiguo con v), cachaco, cumbia, mogolla y pilatuna? Lo ignoro. ¿Y el muy mexicano mariachi? Tampoco se sabe bien.
Los lexicógrafos, pensaría uno, están en el mundo para explicar con rigor estos orígenes y para analizar las connotaciones de muchos sinónimos, entre otras tareas. Su función no es jerarquizar usos, hacer de árbitros de las elegancias o atajar extranjerismos. El uso, y no un sanedrín de supuestos sabios, es la piedra de toque que sirve para calibrar cualquier norma lingüística.
Quienes me conocen saben que llevo años dando lora con este tema. Lo que ignoraba es que existe un proyecto en curso para dotarnos del diccionario internacional que tanta falta hace. Lo lidera Raúl Ávila, veterano lingüista investigador del Colegio de México, país que tiene una estupenda tradición de filólogos independientes, como Antonio Alatorre, reacios a acatar los ukases de la RAE. En el VALIDE (así bautizaron al diccionario en proceso) participan 26 universidades de 20 países. Las colombianas son la Nacional y la Tecnológica de Pereira. Al parecer el libro sale en noviembre de este año. Desde ya pido que me reserven un par de copias.
andreshoyos@elmalpensante.com
@andrewholes
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