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Shostakovich – América 2.1 Nunca me ha gustado la música de Dmitri Shostakovich con la excepción de algunos cuartetos. Sus sinfonías y sus conciertos fueron considerados durante medio siglo la expresión del comunismo soviético, lo que le valió los mayores agasajos oficiales durante las etapas de Stalin y Kruschev.
Mientras grandes creadores como Pasternak, Ajmatova, Babel, Bulgakov, Mandelstam, Grossman y otros sufrían una implacable persecución, las composiciones heroicas y patrióticas de Shostakovich eran ensalzadas por el régimen, que le promovió al cargo de secretario de la Unión de Compositores y a miembro del Soviet Supremo. Tenía un lujoso apartamento, dacha y coche con chofer.
Pero la aureola de santidad comunista que rodeaba a Shostakovich era sencillamente un montaje porque el músico ruso tuvo que claudicar en sus gustos creativos y plegarse al canon estético definido por Zhdanov, el lugarteniente de Stalin. No tenía ni la más mínima afinidad con la ideología oficial.
En enero de 1936, el propio Stalin acudió a la representación de ‘Lady Macbeth de Mtsensk’. El caudillo escuchó la obra en el Bolshoi tras una cortinilla y se fue antes de su conclusión, calificando la ópera de «ruido». Diez días después, una crítica demoledora de Pravda obligó a cancelar la obra.
El compositor permaneció durante semanas encerrado en su apartamento, esperando su detención. Dicen que dormía vestido y escuchaba los ruidos del ascensor para estar preparado cuando irrumpieran los hombres del NKVD. Tras ser interrogado, pedir perdón y renegar de su opera, se le permitió seguir componiendo.
Unos meses después de su rehabilitación, Shostakovich volvió a topar con la censura estalinista con su Cuarta Sinfonía, que fue retirada por ‘sombría y derrotista’. El compositor tuvo que ganarse la vida con música para películas, pero su suerte cambió de nuevo durante la II Guerra Mundial con su Séptima Sinfonía, concebida durante el cerco de Leningrado.
Tras este éxito clamoroso, Stalin ordenó la prohibición de sus composiciones, que Zhdanov consideraba formalistas y apartadas del realismo socialista. Tuvo que volver a pedir perdón y aceptó ser enviado a Nueva York a un congreso en el que leyó un texto vergonzoso, en el que arremetía contra Stravinski, cuyo retrato tenía en su mesa. En los años siguientes, se convirtió en un monigote que decía todo lo que le ordenaban tras ser obligado a pedir el carnet del partido.
No es un misterio entender por qué Shostakovich se comportó sin la menor decencia: sentía miedo por su vida, la de su mujer y sus dos hijos. Tenía motivos porque había visto como su cuñado, sus colaboradores y muchos amigos habían sido fusilados en los años 30. Sencillamente antepuso su supervivencia a sus ideas y no seré yo quien le reproche su elección. Humano, demasiado humano.
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