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Guerra, pandemia y sarampión: se avecina una temida ola en cadena – América 2.1
Vacunación. Niña vacuna.
SALUD
GETTY IMAGES/ISTOCKPHOTO / SASIISTOCK Lo que se temía desde hace dos años, que la pandemia mundial del COVID-19 pudiera desatar una crisis de salud en cadena, hoy se está convirtiendo en una realidad con el sarampión, una enfermedad altamente contagiosa que puede detenerse mediante una inmunización efectiva. La pandemia interrumpió las campañas de vacunación dirigidas a los niños, por lo que la enfermedad está resurgiendo con fuerza.
El sarampión se transmite cuando una persona infectada tose o estornuda, y puede permanecer en el aire hasta dos horas. La enfermedad puede desembocar en complicaciones graves y hasta la muerte, en especial entre la población infantil. La forma efectiva de detener la transmisión es inmunizar a 95% de una comunidad.
En todo el mundo hubo una disminución sustancial en la incidencia del sarampión y las muertes asociadas entre 2000 y 2016. Los casos estimados de sarampión cayeron 65%, de 28.3 millones en 2000 a 9.8 millones en 2019. De la misma manera, las muertes por sarampión cayeron de 539,000 a 207,500 en el mismo período. La inmunización salvó millones de vidas; el porcentaje de niños que recibieron la primera dosis de la vacuna contra el sarampión pasó de 72% en 2000 a 84% en 2020, según los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades. Justo antes del inicio de la pandemia hubo un gran aumento mundial de casos de sarampión en 2019, pero la cantidad disminuyó en 2020 debido a las precauciones para combatir la propagación del COVID-19 como el uso de cubrebocas.
Sin embargo, la pandemia sembró problemas . Generó obstáculos logísticos para las campañas de vacunación y agotó los recursos. En un comunicado del 27 de abril, la Organización Mundial de la Salud y UNICEF informaron que 57 campañas contra enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación en 43 países, que estaban programadas desde el inicio de la pandemia, siguen pospuestas. De estas, 19 son campañas contra el sarampión, y su suspensión pone a 73 millones de niños en riesgo de contraer la enfermedad por la falta de vacunación. Dos dosis de la vacuna segura y efectiva contra el sarampión, con alta cobertura comunitaria, puede proteger a la población infantil, pero muchas de las campañas interrumpidas eran de la segunda dosis. El impacto se está viendo ahora: se han reportado 17,338 casos de sarampión en todo el mundo en los primeros dos meses de este año, casi el doble de los 9,665 casos durante los dos primeros meses de 2021. El año pasado, las agencias reportaron 21 grandes y perturbadores brotes de sarampión en todo el mundo. Los cinco países con más casos fueron Somalia, Yemen, Afganistán, Nigeria y Etiopía.
Estados Unidos, que declaró la erradicación del sarampión en 2000, tuvo un gran pico en 2019, pero más recientemente la cantidad de casos ha sido baja. Más de 90% de los niños están vacunados antes de los 24 meses de edad contra el sarampión, las paperas y la rubéola.
En Ucrania, que sufrió el segundo brote de sarampión más grande del mundo, desde mediados de 2017 hasta finales de 2019, se interrumpió una campaña de recuperación de vacunación debido a la pandemia y luego a la guerra. Ucrania logró administrar la primera dosis a 85% de los niños elegibles en 2020, pero la OMS afirma que está “seriamente preocupada por un posible brote de sarampión”, y reporta que la inmunidad general en Ucrania sigue siendo baja.
Al sarampión no se le puede permitir que corra libre. Se debe cubrir la brecha de inmunidad mundial con nuevos esfuerzos de vacunación, aún a pesar de los obstáculos de la pandemia y la guerra.
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