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Karina Sainz Borgo: Condenados a obedecer – América 2.1 Leer es un acto de insurrección. Un riesgo. Un contagio, escribe Alfonso Berardinelli en aquel maravilloso ensayo publicado por Círculo de Tiza. La lectura, insiste el italiano, es un espacio de individuación y una acción proveedora de identidad y autonomía. Leer y ser capaz de comprender aquello que se lee es la primera y más importante piedra del proceso cognitivo. Gracias a su lenta acción de riego se han declarado independencias; defenestrado elites religiosas y políticas. Leer es traicionar a las versiones más precarias de nosotros mismos. Es una forma de desobediencia.
Según los resultados del informe PISA 2022 , elaborados tras examinar a 690.000 estudiantes de 80 países diferentes, la capacidad de comprensión lectora global cayó diez puntos. En el caso de los alumnos españoles, estos se sitúan por debajo de la media de la OCDE y la Unión Europea con 474 puntos, el segundo peor resultado histórico después de los 461 puntos de la edición de 2006. Sin duda, se trata de números rojos.
Un individuo que no comprende lo que lee no comprende lo que vota. No es capaz de discriminar o desmontar cualquier clase de propaganda o de reconocer si alguno de sus derechos está siendo amenazado. El informe PISA atribuye a la pandemia y a la eclosión de pantallas, medios electrónicos y redes sociales una incidencia negativa en el proceso de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, existe, al menos en el caso español, una causa estructural: la poca continuidad legislativa en materia de enseñanza.
No existe una generación en España que haya conseguido cursar estudios con un mismo currículo . Las reformas de las leyes educativas sobrepasan las ocho versiones, casi todas, por cierto, impulsadas por las mismas mayorías legislativas: socialistas y nacionalistas, como si solo ellos estuviesen habilitados para proponer la educación en tanto esfera ciudadana. La gestión de las lenguas en el aprendizaje también condiciona la enseñanza e incide en ese proceso. ¿Necesariamente para mal? ¿Hay que incidir más en el razonamiento de lo que se enseña que en la lengua en la cual habrá de enunciarlo? ¿Dónde empieza un problema y dónde acaba otro?
En su ‘Historia de la filosofía’, Julián Marías la define, frente al irracionalismo, como aquella disciplina que atiende el conocimiento. Se dirige a su lector dándole la bienvenida de esta forma: «Comenzará usted a bracear con toda suerte de razones y problemas». Marías propone emprender el primer viaje: el de la curiosidad. Esa ansia de saber ocurre gracias a la alquimia lectora, la más elemental de las aptitudes. Es imposible que las ideas forjen al ciudadano que seremos, si no hay capacidad para extraer de la palabra escrita su esencia o no disponemos de ese espacio de soledad que concede la lectura. Ahí donde todo se anega, donde reina la confusión, se abre paso la doctrina y el neolenguaje. Una sociedad que no lee está condenada a obedecer, en lugar de decidir; está condenada a reaccionar, en lugar de construir. Vive inmersa en la indefensión y será propensa al olvido y la frustración.
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