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Golpe al expansionismo de Pekín en el mar de China – América 2.1 Un grupo de activistas filipinos contra el expansionismo chino arrojan flores al mar ayer en Manila
La Corte Permanente de Arbitraje de la Haya falló ayer a favor de Filipinas en un contencioso que mantiene desde hace décadas contra China por la soberanía de los territorios enmarcados dentro de la denominada «línea de los nueve puntos» en los Mares del Sur. A pesar de que Pekín no admite la soberanía de este tribunal y éste no tiene potestad coercitiva para hacer cumplir sus sentencias, con esta decisión se podría abrir la caja de Pandora en una región en la que hasta seis países (China, Filipinas, Vietnam, Malasia, Taiwán y Brunéi) reclaman diferentes partes de un territorio potencialmente rico en hidrocarburos, con importantes intereses en el sector de la pesca y una ruta clave para el comercio internacional: por allí circulan anualmente más de cinco billones de dólares en mercancías.
Es también la primera vez que China se ve interpelada a seguir el criterio de un tribunal internacional y un fuerte golpe a sus deseos de convertirse en una potencia militar en la zona. Aunque Filipinas decidió dirigirse de manera unilateral ante esta corte en 2013, se trata de una pugna que lleva enquistada durante décadas y que supone un importante punto de desequilibrio en la región. En 1947, China fijó en un mapa la línea de los nueve puntos que, amparándose en supuestos derechos históricos desde los siglos XIV a XVII, otorgaría a Pekín la soberanía del 90% del territorio del Mar de China Meridional e incluye territorios (islotes, arrecifes e incluso rocas) situados a 2.000 kilómetros de sus costas.
La sentencia no deja lugar a dudas. Según este texto: «No existe base legal para que China apele a derechos históricos sobre los recursos dentro de las zonas marítimas que están dentro de la línea de los nueve puntos». Además, según este tribunal, aunque pescadores chinos y de otros países en disputa han faenado en estas aguas durante décadas, no se puede con esto concluir que Pekín las deba disfrutar de manera exclusiva. La corte, aunque no se pronuncia sobre la soberanía de estos territorios, también invalida otro de los principales argumentos de Pekín, ya que considera que el archipiélago de las Spratly (donde se incluyen Itu Aba, Thitu o la isla West York) «son legalmente rocas que no generan una zona económica exclusiva». Según la Convención de la ONU sobre el Derecho Marítimo, una isla genera el derecho a disfrutar de una zona económica exclusiva de hasta 200 millas marinas, cuyos recursos pueden ser explotados, mientras que una roca tan sólo otorga derecho a una frontera territorial de doce millas marinas.
El cruce de intereses no termina aquí. Manila afea a Pekín haber realizado dragados de arena para la construcción de islas artificiales incluso en sus aguas territoriales, algo que ha ocasionado daños en el medio ambiente y que la sentencia hecha pública ayer corrobora. Además, EE UU considera que se han utilizado estas construcciones para instalaciones militares. Tanto Washington como la UE instaron ayer a China a seguir la legislación y jusriprudencia internacionales, pero el presidente chino, Xi Jinping, subrayó su rechazo a «cualquier propuesta o acción basada en el fallo». Xi hizo estas afirmaciones en un encuentro con el presidente del Consejo Europeo, Donald Tusk, y el de la Comisión Europea, Jean-Claude Juncker, en Pekín durante la cumbre UE-China. Asimismo, agregó que «la soberanía territorial y los intereses marítimos de su país no se verán afectados por el fallo bajo ninguna circunstancia», a pesar de que Pekín firmó en 1996 la Convención de la ONU sobre el Derecho Marítimo que obliga al cumplimiento de estas sentencias. China en ningún momento se ha presentado a la audiencias ni ha presentado alegaciones.
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