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La reinvención de la democracia chilena – América 2.1 Siempre es tentadora la idea de sintetizar, en la experiencia de un país latinoamericano, toda la realidad continental. Tentadora y equivocada, ya que la diversidad irreductible de la región impide que cualquier país funcione, plenamente, como modelo o cifra de toda la América Latina y el Caribe. Aún así, es inevitable observar en el presente chileno una señal de los tiempos hemisféricos.
En Chile se produjo el único experimento de socialismo democrático que conocemos. Y fue allí que las dictaduras anticomunistas del Cono Sur adquirieron su modalidad más conspicua, alternando la represión sistemática y la limitación de derechos civiles y políticos con un desmantelamiento del sector público y una privatización ascendente de la vida económica y social.
La sobrevivencia de Augusto Pinochet y el pinochetismo, al propio tránsito democrático de los años 90, hizo que el cambio de régimen en Chile siempre fuera a medias. Los gobiernos de la Concertación (Patricio Aylwin, Eduardo Frei, Ricardo Lagos, Michelle Bachelet), entre 1990 y 2014, distribuyeron el poder dentro de la élite e intentaron domar la fiera, pero siguieron acumulando agravios a fuerza de preservar el modelo.
Ya en las manifestaciones populares contra el primer gobierno de Sebastián Piñera y contra el último de Michelle Bachelet se hicieron evidentes los déficits de representación de esa democracia. El estallido social de 2019, como observara el profesor Raúl Letelier, fue elocuente al establecer que no habría solución a la crisis sin una reformulación del modelo por la vía constitucional.
A pesar de la alta abstención, el triunfo de los independientes y una izquierda heterogénea, en las elecciones para la Convención Constituyente, significa la presencia de una mayoría crítica en la redacción de las nuevas reglas del juego. La Convención tendrá paridad de género y 17 escaños para representantes de comunidades indígenas, dos condiciones que auguran un avance en las agendas del feminismo y el Estado plurinacional.
La nueva Constitución chilena y los gobiernos que surjan a partir de su reglamentación completarán la recuperación del rol social del Estado en ese país. Pero tan importante como eso será la reinvención de la democracia chilena en términos de representación de la sociedad civil y respeto a los derechos humanos. En contra de las lecturas sectarias tradicionales, que buscan que las elecciones en cada país favorezcan a una u otra corriente geopolítica, no habría que esperar del nuevo orden constitucional chileno algún avance hacia el autoritarismo.
En su reafirmación como proceso democrático es muy probable que la primavera chilena, en contra de los justificados entusiasmos de estos días, tenga poco efecto de contagio en la región. El autoritarismo, de derecha o izquierda, sigue sólido en varios países del sur del hemisferio y, como otras veces en el pasado, Chile podría afianzarse en su insularidad.
*Este artículo se publicó originalmente en La Razón , de México.
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