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Miramundo: Escuchando a la caca – América 2.1 Como de una verdadera mina de oro se refiere la revista SCIENCE a los detritus arqueológicos que contienen un caudal enorme de información, reveladores de la dieta y la salud de nuestros antepasados, la evolución de la vida parasitaria y su influencia en la ecología y el desarrollo de la microbiota; los mismos que comienzan a liberar sus secretos gracias al método diseñado por dos investigadoras del Instituto Max Planck en Jena, Alemania.
Baños romanos en Efeso, Turquía
Hay gente para todo, dicen que bromeaba un famoso torero, y ciertamente es admirable el entusiasmo y la constancia con que las doctoras Maxime Borry y Christina Warinner trabajaron durante años hasta patentar el CoproID, un método que, literalmente, hace hablar a la caca acumulada en el curso de la historia.
Coprolitos de Xiaosungang en China
Hasta ahora era difícil identificar si una porción determinada provenía de alguno de nuestros ancestros o de su perro, acompañante fiel en la penumbra de su caverna; porque son similares en forma y tamaño, poseen la misma composición y se confunden en los sitios arqueológicos porque los canes formaban parte del menú cotidiano de muchas tribus mientras ellos solían alimentarse con las deposiciones humanas.
Problemático era, entonces, realizar pruebas genéticas sencillas y normal la confusión del ADN entre ambas especies, hasta que el equipo de investigadoras de las universidades de Harvard y Oklahoma desarrolló el método Copro-ID, combinando el análisis del ADN de un huésped antiguo con el software de una máquina de aprendizaje adaptada a la microbiota de heces actuales y logró establecer su procedencia con absoluta exactitud.
Las aplicaciones del descubrimiento son incalculables, según explica la doctora Warinner, no sólo en arqueología sino en el campo de las ciencias forenses y ecológicas.
Grano de polen de amaranto en un coprolito de Durango, México.
Y es que, a medida que aumenta el catálogo con la data, la capacidad de identificar con precisión el origen de las deyecciones permitirá la investigación directa de los cambios en la estructura y el funcionamiento de la microbioma intestinal a través de las épocas, profundizando en la intolerancia a los alimentos y una vasta gama de temas relacionados con la salud de nuestra civilización.
Varsovia, junio 2020
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