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Sadio Garavini di Turno: El fracaso del presidencialismo – América 2.1
En América Latina, en general, el sistema de gobierno combina un Presidente electo directamente y un Congreso electo con representación proporcional. Lo cual tiende a hacer muy difícil que los gobiernos tengan mayoría parlamentarias que les permitan aprobar reformas. En la fragmentación electoral actual, candidatos que, en primera vuelta escasamente superan el 20% del voto, vienen electos en segunda vuelta, pero tienen un apoyo parlamentario muy minoritario. Un numeroso grupo de muy destacados académicos de la ciencia política, como Juan Linz , Giovanni Sartori y Arturo Valenzuela han criticado el sistema presidencialista, por su excesiva rigidez, que impide resolver dentro del sistema crisis políticas que, en cambio, pueden resolverse constitucionalmente, en el marco de un sistema parlamentario. El sistema parlamentario prevé la posibilidad de elecciones generales anticipadas, cuando el Parlamento no logra resolver la crisis política, eligiendo a un nuevo Primer Ministro. Una de las características más positivas del sistema parlamentario es su flexibilidad. En efecto, a través de sus “válvulas de escape ” como la posibilidad constitucional de reemplazar al Jefe del Gobierno y de llamar a elecciones anticipadas, permite evitar la ruptura del orden constitucional, característica aberrante de la política latinoamericana. Quizás, el golpe de Estado de 1973 en Chile hubiese podido evitarse con elecciones anticipadas. Lo mismo podría decirse del golpe de 1976, contra Isabel Perón, en Argentina. No creo viable la implantación del sistema parlamentario clásico en América Latina. El presidencialismo es una parte indeleble de la cultura política latinoamericana, pero podríamos orientarnos hacia alguna forma de lo que Giovanni Sartori llama “semipresidencialismo ”, cuyo “tipo ideal” es el sistema de gobierno de la actual “quinta república” francesa. Este se caracteriza por un poder ejecutivo, compartido entre un Presidente de la república, electo directamente por el pueblo y un Primer Ministro, seleccionado por el Presidente, pero investido y apoyado por una mayoría parlamentaria. Los problemas de una posible “cohabitación” entre un Presidente de un partido y un Primer Ministro de otro se podrían reducir, eligiendo Presidente y Parlamento en el mismo acto electoral y por el mismo período.
En las más recientes elecciones de la región, pasan a segunda vuelta, con votaciones minoritarias, los candidatos más extremos del escenario político, Boric-Kast, Castillo-Fujimori, Petro-Hernández. Para tratar de evitar esta polarización entre extremos, dos autores de prestigio, Moises Naím y Larry Diamond, están proponiendo, no sólo para América Latina, el sistema electoral por “orden de preferencia” . En este sistema, cada elector no emite un solo voto, sino que enumera los candidatos en la papeleta por orden de preferencia. Si el candidato preferido de un votante recibe el menor número de votos, queda eliminado y pasa a ocupar su puesto el candidato que había elegido en segundo lugar. Este sistema está diseñado para apartar a los candidatos que obtienen una importante votación, pero que la mayoría rechaza y por tanto favorece a candidatos que representan el amplio centro del espectro político. Al respecto, hay que recordar que la democracia sólo sobrevive en una cultura política del diálogo y de la tolerancia, donde “negociación” no es una mala palabra. En efecto, en la lucha política democrática y pluralista, no hay enemigos a vencer, sino adversarios a superar.
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