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Aveledo: Petróleo venezolano, nuevas y grandes definiciones – América 2.1 El pasado diez de septiembre se cumplieron sesenta y tres años de haberse fundado en Bagdad, la capital iraquí, la Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo (OPEP), en cuya gestación tuvo papel protagónico un gran estadista venezolano, entonces ministro de minas e hidrocarburos Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo junto a su colega saudita el jeque Abdulah al-Tariki. Hoy el mundo es otro, la industria del petróleo ya no es lo que solía ser en 1960 ni la OPEP tampoco, pero los países miembros de ésta representan el 43% de la producción y el 81% de las reservas mundiales de petróleo.
Entonces, la producción petrolera venezolana superaba los tres millones de barriles diarios, éramos el primer exportador de petróleo en el planeta. Hoy, si bien tenemos reservas muy cuantiosas -puesto trece según WorldEnergyTrade-las cifras de producción y exportación que varían si son gubernamentales o independientes, deben andar por los setecientos mil barriles diarios. Ocupamos el décimo lugar en la OPEP y para 2021, exportamos el 1.1% de lo vendido en el mercado mundial. Paradójicamente, ahora somos importadores netos de combustible.
La política petrolera nacional fue siempre un tema central en el debate de políticas públicas, desde la apertura democratizadora posterior a la muerte de Gómez. Las grandes decisiones en ese campo fueron producto de abundante estudio, intensas y extensas discusiones y de un momento en adelante, búsqueda de amplios consensos. Recordemos nombres como Gumersindo Torres bajo el gomecismo, la reforma del cuarenta y tres cuando Medina, Uslar y Pérez Alfonzo, por la Nacionalización, Betancourt y Caldera en el Senado, Calderón Berti y Hernández Grisanti cuando la internacionalización, Giusti con la apertura impugnada por Rodríguez Araque. Soy testigo de lo que en mis años de parlamentario oí decir al ortodoxo Canache Mata, al discreto y estudioso Tenorio o al vehemente Silva Calderón, más lo que aportaron mis compañeros de bancada Gustavo Tarre o Ramón José Medina
Cada avance en la participación venezolana, la creación de la CVP, de la Flota Petrolera Nacional, el progresivo control de la industria, la política de no más concesiones, el trato hemisférico, la legislación sobre reversión, la nacionalización de la industria, la creación de PDVSA y su ulterior transformación corporativa, la internacionalización, el cambio del patrón de refinación y la apertura petrolera, todos fueron motivos de debate en los que diversas posiciones expresadas con libertad, sustanciaron decisiones sólidas con resultados conocidos para el país y reconocidos con respeto a nivel internacional.
La influencia venezolana en el liderazgo de la OPEP se combinó siempre, con equilibrio sensato, con la condición de proveedor confiable por su responsabilidad y por sus decisiones de política pública que aseguraron una gerencia profesional estable para la industria con su correspondiente manejo del negocio.
La situación actual de Venezuela, de su industria petrolera, del futuro energético de un mundo en transición, así como del papel que en ese contexto podemos jugar, imponen que volvamos a discutir en serio entre nosotros. En serio, es en serio. Dentro de la Constitución y dejando de lado las consignas y los prejuicios, la demagogia o la precipitación, aprendiendo de nuestra propia historia, mirando a profundidad nuestros retos y posibilidades para tomar decisiones con sentido estratégico perdurable, en beneficio de todos los venezolanos, los de ahora y los de mañana.
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