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Juaristi: Bloques – América 2.1 Leo ‘Fervor del acero. Cuatro testimonios de la guerra de Europa, 1914-1939 ‘ (Renacimiento, 2023), el último libro de Fernando Castillo: cuatro semblanzas de combatientes en la guerra civil europea del siglo XX (Ernst Jünger, Ernst von Salomon, Benito Mussolini y Rafael García Serrano), precedidas de un magnífico ensayo sobre las características de los nuevos conflictos bélicos que hicieron su aparición histórica en agosto de 1914: movilización total y consiguiente violencia exterminadora contra las poblaciones civiles; ideologización y adoctrinamiento de masas con el objetivo de convertir las guerras en revoluciones; industrialización y despliegue tecnológico, que arranca del uso de la aviación y del gas mostaza, preludiando el de las armas nucleares, y, por último, promoción de la iniciativa irregular, aventurera e indisciplinada del soldado individual, en contraste con la formación en orden cerrado que había prevalecido desde el siglo XVII. Su lectura es recomendable para cualquier estación, y se enriquecería, sin duda, con la de un ensayo muy anterior: ‘Teoría del partisano’, de Carl Schmitt, publicado por Trotta.
Entre 1936 y 1939 se enfrentaron en suelo español el fascismo internacional y las tres Internacionales –anarquista, socialista y comunista–, secundado el primer bando por las derechas católicas y el segundo por los republicanos de izquierda (con el extraño apéndice de un partido vasco de comunión diaria). Durante la II Guerra Mundial, que supuso la mundialización del conflicto al entrar en el mismo Japón y los Estados Unidos, la España de Franco se mantuvo neutral, aunque enviara un numeroso cuerpo de voluntarios a luchar contra la Unión Soviética en el Ejército nazi. Entre 1945 y 1989, todos los gobiernos españoles, dictatoriales o democráticos, participaron en la Guerra Fría plenamente integrados en el bloque anticomunista desde 1953 y en la Alianza Atlántica desde 1982.
Aunque España no se desvinculó de la OTAN tras la desaparición de la Unión Soviética en 1991, la aparente pacificación de la escena mundial produjo la impresión de que en el futuro las únicas guerras que afrontaría nuestro país serían humanitarias. La irrupción del terrorismo yihadista, seguida por las guerras de Afganistán y de Irak, terminó con esa ilusión. Veinte años después, el panorama es mucho más bronco. Frente al Occidente liberal se ha constituido, desde la invasión de Ucrania, un bloque de Estados totalitarios en fase de reimperialización (Rusia, China, Irán, Corea del Norte). Desde febrero de 2022, vivimos en una situación de guerra que no es fría, porque se libra en la frontera misma entre los dos bloques, y no en países de las lejanas periferias. Confieso que no sé de qué parte cae ahora el sanchismo, salvo Zapatero y los de Sumar , que siempre han estado en la misma.
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